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The open (Ravitch) approach leaves a longer midline or inframammary scar.","sessions_or_stages":{"sessions":{"min":1,"max":1,"unit":"visits","qualifier":"One surgical repair; bar removal after about 2-3 years is a separate later procedure."},"stages":[{"code":"surgical_repair","label":"Surgical repair of the chest wall deformity","after":{"min":0,"max":0,"unit":"days","qualifier":"Performed on the day of surgery."}}],"qualifier":"Single-stage surgical repair; later bar removal is not counted as part of the initial treatment."},"success":{"metric":"Good or excellent chest contour and patient-reported satisfaction","value":90,"unit":"percent of patients","horizon":"After bar removal, about 3 years","population":"Adults after Nuss repair for moderate to severe pectus excavatum","evidence_status":"limited"},"techniques":[{"name":"Nuss procedure (minimally invasive repair)","suits_whom":"Most adolescents and many adults with a flexible chest wall and symmetric deformity.","recovery":"Hospital stay of 2-5 nights; light activity in 2-4 weeks; bar removed after about 2-3 years."},{"name":"Ravitch procedure (open repair)","suits_whom":"Severe, asymmetric or rigid deformity, or recurrence after prior repair.","recovery":"Longer operation and hospital stay of about 3-6 nights, with a longer midline or inframammary scar."}],"treatment_conditions":["inpatient"],"treatment_duration_hours":{"min":1,"max":3,"unit":"hours","qualifier":"Operating time for a primary minimally invasive (Nuss) repair; open repair often takes longer."},"initial_assessment_documents":["Front, side and oblique chest photos","Chest CT scan report with Haller index","Chest X-ray, frontal and lateral","Echocardiogram report","Pulmonary function test results","ECG report (if available)"],"travel_trips":{"min":1,"max":1,"one_trip_possible":true,"qualifier":"One trip: 7-10 days, including 2-5 hospital nights and wound and X-ray check. 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Redness around the wound. Swelling or bleeding from the surgical cuts. Chest pain. 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