Los mejores cirujanos de Reducción de labios en Turquía — TOP-66 médicos

Emine Handan Simsek TURAN M.D. was born in 1989, Antalya / Turkey. She graduated from Antalya Anatolian High School in 2007. She studied at Akdeniz University School of Medicine between 2007-2013. In 2011 , she studied at RWTH Aachen University in Germany for one year with an exchange programme. She started her residency in Ear, Nose , Throat & Head and Neck Surgery at Antalya Research and Training Hospital in 2014. After two years she changed her residency department and started to Plastic , Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery department at the same hospital in 2016 . She worked as an observer in Lavender Clinic in Vietnam to gain more experience on eyelid surgery and nose surgery.

After completing her residency , she worked for 2 years in Antalya Research and Training Hospital for mandatory government work. She currently examines her patients in her own clinic located in the center of Antalya. Her surgical interests include; rhinoplasty, blepharoplasty, breast surgeries, abdominoplasty and facial reshaping surgeries.

DOCTORAL THESES/SUFFICIENT STUDIES SUPERVISED:

ROLES IN PROJECTS:

1. Research on Functions of Growth Inhibitory Factor-2 (ING-2) in Basal Cell Carcinoma, Gaziantep University BAP, Researcher, 2010.
2. Investigating the Efficacy of Pre-dressing Disinfectants (povidone iodine and thyme extract) and dressing applications (hypericum perforatum l. and thiocillin ointment) in a diabetic wound model in rats, Project Lead, 2015.
3. Research on the Efficacy of B-Complex Vitamins in the Treatment of Peripheral Nerve Injuries in an Experimental Model, Project Lead, 2015.

COURSES AND CERTIFICATES ATTENDED:

1. Basic Training Course for Residents. Gaziantep University, School of Medicine. GAZIANTEP 2008.
2. 4th Maxillofacial Surgery Course and Workshop, GATA, ANKARA 2009.
3. Animal Experiments Local Ethics Committee Scientific Research Course, Gaziantep University, 2009.
4. Clinical Researcher Training Program, Gaziantep University, School of Medicine, GAZIANTEP, 2010.
5. Applied Fue Technique Hair and Eyebrow Transplant Course, TRABZON, 2010.
6. Laser Treatment of Pigmented and Vascular Lesions Course, TRABZON, 2010.
7. Vertical Mammoplasty: Technical Details, Limits, and Problems, TRABZON, 2010.
8. Oculoplastic Surgery, TRABZON, 2010.
9. Blepharoplasty, TRABZON, 2010.
10. Simultaneous Rhinoplasty and Facial Contouring Techniques, TRABZON, 2010.
11. TPRECD IV. Plastic Surgery Residency School, ÇEŞME/ İZMİR, 2011.
12. TPRECD V. Plastic Surgery Rhinoplasty Course and Symposium, ANKARA, 2012.
13. 15th Basic Microvascular Surgery Course, KONYA, 2013.
14. Aesthetic Breast Surgery Course, November 4-7, 2014, ANKARA, Turkey, 2015.
15. Breast Reconstruction Course, November 4-7, 2014, ANKARA, Turkey, 2015.
16. Op. Dr. Teoman Doğan Rhinoplasty Live Surgery Course, November 4, 2017, ISTANBUL.

WORKS

1. ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN INTERNATIONAL PEER-REVIEWED JOURNALS:
2. Mutaf M, Günal E, Temel M. A New Technique for Closure of the Infraorbital Defects. Ann Plast Surg. 2011 Dec;67(6):600-5.
3. Mutaf M, Günal E, Temel M. Closure of defects of the malar region. J Craniofac Surg. 2011 Mar;22(2):631-4. PMID:21403544
4. Türkmen A., Temel M., Bekerecioglu M. Primary mucosal malignant melanoma of the oral cavity. Eur J Plast Surg. 2011; 34: 325-9
5. Mutaf M, Temel M, Günal E, Işik D. Island Volar Advancement Flap for Reconstruction of the Thumb Defects. Ann Plast Surg. 2012 Feb;68(2):153-7.
6. Mutaf M., MD, Temel M., Gunal E., MD. The Spider Procedure: A New Z-Plasty-Based Local Flap Procedure for Closure of the Skin Defects. Ann Plast Surg. 2012 Nov;69(5):555-9. doi: 10.1097/SAP.0b013e31821ee4ce.
7. Mutaf M., MD, Temel M., Gunal E., MD. A New Z-Plasty Based Local Flap Procedure for Closure of the Lateral Canthal Skin Defects. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012 Feb;129(2):372-374.
8. Mutaf M., MD, Temel M., Gunal E., MD. The reading man flap for closure of large meningomyelocele defects. J. Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2012 May;65(5):578-83.
9. Arif Turkmen, Metin Temel, Ayla Gokce, Mehmet Bekerecioglu. Orbital exenteration for the treatment of advanced periocular skin cancer. Eur J Plast Surg. 2013; 36:69-74
10. Erhan Yengil, Metin Temel, Vedat Uruc, Cengiz Cevik, Erkan Yula, Omer Serkan Yildiz, Cansu Onlen, Mehmet Arslan. Surgical Hand Antiseptic Potential of Oregano Essential Oil. Euras J Fam Med 2014; 3(3):149-156.
11. Metin Temel, Arif Turkmen, Recep Dokuyucu, Cengiz Cevik, Serdar Oztuzcu, Beyhan Cengiz. A novel tumor suppressor gene in basal cell carcinoma: inhibition of growth factor-2. Tumour Biol. 2015 Jan 23. [Epub ahead of print]. PMID: 25613071
12. Aslı Can, Metin TEMEL, Recep Dokuyucu, Mehmet Mutaf. The Effect of Coenzyme Q10 (Ubiquinone) on Random Pattern Skin Flap Survival in Rat Model. Ann Plast Surg. 2015 May 7. [Epub ahead of print]. PMID: 25954836
13. Metin Temel, Ali O. KARAKAŞ, Recep Dokuyucu, Arif Türkmen. ''The dermal internal brassiere flap,'' a new modification of inferior pedicle breast reduction technique. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2015 Jun;39(3):350-8. doi: 10.1007/s00266-015-0483-y. Epub 2015 Apr 17. PMID: 25894021
14. Ömer Berberoğlu, Metin Temel, Arif Türkmen. Effects of Reduction Mammaplasty Operations on the Spinal Column: Clinical and Radiological Response. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery August 2015, Volume 39, Issue 4, pp 514-522.
15. Metin Temel, Mustafa Nihat Koç, Saffet Ulutaş, Bülent Göğebakan. The Expression Levels of The Sirtuins in Patients With BCC. Tumour Biol. 2015 Dec 2. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 26631040. 2015
16. Metin Temel, Arif Türkmen, Ömer Berberoğlu. Improvements in Vertebral-Column Angles and Psychological Metrics After Abdominoplasty With Rectus Plication. Aesthetic Surgery Journal. [Epub ahead of print]. DOI:10.1093/asj/sjv257. 2015
17. Tumay Ozgur, Metin Temel. Pilar Sheath Acanthoma Presenting as a Nevus. International Journal of Trichology. 2015:7(4);187-188.
18. Temel M, Berberoğlu Ö, Türkmen A. Response to Comment on ''Effects of Reduction Mammaplasty Operations on the Spinal Column: Clinical and Radiological Response''. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2016 May 13. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 27178569.
19. Temel M, Şamil Kahraman Ş, Berber Ö, Çevik C, Akoğlu E. Comparison of the result of consolidative technique otoplasty and incisionless otoplasty in the repairs of prominent ears. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2016 Jan 25. [Epub ahead of print]. PMID: 26810363.
20. Temel M, Gunal E, Kahraman SS. Reconstruction of Congenital Isolated Alar Defect Using Mutaf Triangular Closure Technique in Pediatric Patients. J Craniofac Surg. 2016 May 17. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 27192642.
21. Metin Temel, Consolidative Technique Otoplasty: Comprehensive Approach In Combining Techniques. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2016 Sep 9. [Epub ahead of print] PMID:27612463. DOI: 10.1007/s00266-016-0699-5.
22. Mehmet Mutaf, Metin Temel. A New Technique For Total Reconstruction of The Lower Lid. Annals of Plastic Surgery 2016.
23. E Zobaci, M Temel, AÇ Yasti, M Zorlu, F Coskun, M Dolapci, İT Şahiner. The use of the triangular closure technique for defect coverage in pilonidal sinus treatment. Int J Clin Exp Med 9 (7), 12804-12810.
24. Mehmet Mutaf, Metin Temel, Mustafa Nihat Koç. A new surgical technique for closure of pilonidal sinus defects: Triangular closure technique. e-ISSN 1643-3750 © Med Sci Monit, 2016; 22: DOI: 10.12659/MSM.899879. Feb 26 - Mar 4, 2017.
25. Mutaf M, Metin Temel, MD. Reading Man Flap: A Nasal Reconstruction Technique. Ann Plast Surg. 2022. PMID: 34711730.
26. Ali Yeniocak, Osman Kelahmetoğlu, Mustafa Özkan, Metin Temel, Ethem Güneren. A Basic Algorithmic Surgical Approach for Nicolau Syndrome. J Cutan Aesthet Surg 2020 Apr-Jun;13(2):154-159. doi: 10.4103/JCAS.JCAS_139_19.
27. Arif Türkmen, Mehmet Doğan, Metin Temel. A free radical scavenger (Tempol) and its effect on intimal hyperplasia of vein grafts in rats. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2018 Sep;24(5):379-386. doi: 10.5505/tjtes.2017.80281.
28. Mehmet Mutaf 1, Metin Temel. A New Cartilage-Sparing Procedure for Correction of the Prominent Ear Deformity: Dermal Anchor Technique. Ann Plast Surg. 2020 Sep;85(3):221-228. doi: 10.1097/SAP.0000000000002257.
29. Arif Türkmen, MD, FRCS, FRCS (Plast), Metin Temel, MD. Algorithmic approach to the prevention of unnecessary fasciotomy in extremity snake bite. DOI: 10.12659/MSM.899879. Feb 26 - Mar 4, 2017.
30. PAPERS PRESENTED AT INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCES AND PUBLISHED IN PROCEEDINGS:
31. Mehmet Aliakdamar, Ethem Ünal, Metin Temel, Abdullah Haholu, H.Tuba Sanal, Yalçın Özdemir. Inflammatory Polyp Of The Ileum Causing Perforation In A Young Patient. 23rd World Congress of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, May 26-30, Istanbul, Turkey. (Diyarbakır Military Hospital, Department of General Surgery, Mardin Military Infirmary).
32. Metin Temel, Recep Dokuyucu, Hasan Gökçe, Zeynel Abidin Taş, Okan Tutuk, Hatice Doğan, Gökhan Ağtürk. Wound Healing Effect of Centaury Oil Treatment in Diabetic Wound Model. 41st National Congress of Physiology. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University. September 9-13, 2015.
33. Metin Temel, Recep Dokuyucu, Hasan Gökçe, Gökhan Ağtürk, Hatice Doğan, Gökhan Ağtürk. Disinfectant Effect of Thyme Oil in Diabetic Wound Model. 41st National Congress of Physiology. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University. September 9-13, 2015.
34. Metin Temel, Hasan Gökçe, Recep Dokuyucu, İbrahim Kahraman, Abdurrahman Akdağ, Fatih Sefil. Investigation of the Efficacy of Vitamin B Complexes on Peripheral Nerve Injuries Treatments in Experimental Models. 41st National Congress of Physiology. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University. September 9-13, 2015.
35. Recep Dokuyucu1, Metin Temel2, Hasan Gökçe3, Hatice Doğan1, Gökhan Ağtürk1, Abdurrahman Akdağ4, Okan Tutuk1, Cemil Tümer1. Therapeutic Effects of Thymoquinone and Peanut Oil in an Infected Diabetic Wound Model. 41st National Congress of Physiology. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University. September 9-13, 2015.
36. ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN NATIONAL PEER-REVIEWED JOURNALS:
37. Senem Koruk, Gülşen Özkan Tanrıverdi, Rauf Gül, Metin Temel, Sıtkı Göksu, Ünsal Öner. Bilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Cases: Our Experience with Intubation. Gaziantep Journal of Medicine, 2009;15(3):29-32.
38. Arif Türkmen, Metin Temel, Ertan Günal, Koray Çelebi, Mehmet Bekerecioğlu. A Case Report of Freeman-Sheldon Syndrome (Whistling-Face). Gaziantep Journal of Medicine, 2010; 16(2):39-41.
39. Arif Türkmen, Ertan Günal, Metin Temel, Ömer Berberoğlu. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type-1: Social Aspects and Life Planning. Gaziantep Journal of Medicine, 2010; 16(2):53-56.
40. Akif ACAY1, Ethem ZOBACI2, Metin TEMEL3, A. Fahri ŞAHİN4. A Case of Jessner’s Lymphocytic Infiltration Mimicking Basal Cell Carcinoma. Kocatepe Journal of Medicine, 2015;16(2):151-3.
41. Metin Temel, Ethem Zobacı, Ahmet Kahraman, Mustafa Özkan, Ali Ö. Karakaş. Revisiting Contraindications of Abdominoplasty and a Complicated Case Report. Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Medicine, Volume 5, Issue 20, Year 2014:45-9.
42. Metin Temel, Ebru Çelik. Long-Term Results of the Combination of Dermofat Graft and Platelet-Rich Plasma in a Patient with Hemifacial Atrophy: A Case Report. Turgut Özal Medical Center Journal, 2016;23(1):92-5. doi: 10.5455/jtomc.2015.2867.
43. Metin Temel, Ebru Çelik, Mehmet Yaldiz, Ali Ö. Karakaş. Punch Biopsy Leads to Misdiagnosis in Pilomatrixoma: A Case Report. TPRECD Journal, Manuscript ID: 1984 DOI: 10.5152/TurkJPlastSurg.2017.1984.
44. Arif Türkmen1, Metin Temel2. History of Microvascular Surgery in Plastic Surgery. 1. Istanbul University, Cerrahpaşa School of Medicine, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey; 2. Mustafa Kemal University School of Medicine, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Hatay, Turkey. Türkiye Klinikleri, Experimental Microsurgery Special Issue, Turkiye Klinikleri J Plast Surg-Special Topics 2016;5(1).
45. Metin Temel, Ebru Çelik, Raif Ozden, A.Çigdem Dogramacı, Yunus Doğramacı, Vedat Uruc. Results of a New Suture Technique in the Treatment of Ingrown Toenails. Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Medicine, 2016.
46. NATIONAL CONFERENCES ATTENDED: 
47. Rhinoplasty Symposium, Mersin University School of Medicine Plastic Surgery Department, MERSIN, 2006.
48. Oculoplasty Symposium, Gaziantep University, School of Medicine, Plastic Surgery Department, GAZIANTEP, 2008.
49. 29th National Congress of Turkish Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, October 17-19, 2007, ESKIŞEHIR.
50. 30th National Congress of Turkish Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, October 15-19, 2008, ANTALYA.
51. 32nd National Congress of Turkish Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, September 15-19, 2010, TRABZON.
52. 5th National Wound Care Congress, October 25-28, 2010, GAZIANTEP.
53. 15th National Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Congress, January 15-16, 2011, ISTANBUL.
54. 33rd National Congress of Turkish Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, September 14-19, 2011, IZMIR.
55. 41st National Congress of Turkish Physiological Sciences, September 9-13, 2015, ÇANAKKALE.
56. 37th National Congress of Turkish Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, November 4-7, 2015, ANKARA.
57. National Congress of Aesthetic Face and Nose Surgery, February 17-19, 2017, ISTANBUL.

E. BOOK TRANSLATIONS:

Atlas of Hand Surgery, Tendon Transfers Section

Experience:

2017- Private Practice

2017 – Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Specialist – Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Clinic – Endorphin Center – Istanbul

2016-2017 – Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Specialist – Bitlis State Hospital

2010-2015 – Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Clinic – Kartal Training and Research Hospital – Istanbul

2009 – General Practitioner – Çekmeköy Taşdelen Health Center – Istanbul

courses

27-28 September 2013, Prof. Dr. Rıdvan Ege 8. Basic Hand Surgery, Acute Hand Injuries Course, Turkish Hand and Upper Extremity Surgery Association, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara

7-11 January 2014, 19th Basic Microsurgery Course, Reconstructive Microsurgery Association, Dr. Lütfi Kırdar Kartal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul

16-25 January 2014, Experimental Animals Use Course, Yeditepe University Experimental Animals Ethics Committee, Istanbul

VIII. Plastic Surgery School (11-18 April 2015) Akra Barut Hotel, Antalya

Abdol Kh., MD, is a distinguished Aesthetic and Plastic Surgery Specialist renowned for his exceptional skills and unwavering commitment to delivering outstanding patient care. Driven by a deep-rooted passion for enhancing natural beauty and restoring self-confidence, Dr. Kh. has established himself as an esteemed professional in the field.

Dr. Kh.'s illustrious journey in medicine commenced at the esteemed Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, where he attained his medical degree. During his tenure at the university, he demonstrated an innate fascination with the intricate artistry of plastic surgery, recognizing its transformative potential in positively impacting individuals' lives and bolstering their self-esteem.

Driven by a relentless pursuit of knowledge and a desire to refine his

expertise, Dr. Kh. embarked on an arduous path of advanced training at the

prestigious Trakya University Faculty of Medicine. This esteemed institution

served as the crucible for his comprehensive understanding of the most

cutting-edge surgical techniques and groundbreaking advancements in the

realm of plastic surgery.

Not content with resting on his laurels, Dr. Kh. actively engages in intellectual

discourse and stays abreast of the latest advancements in his field by

participating in renowned international congresses. He has been a

distinguished attendee at the Congress of the International Confederation for

Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, as well as conferences

specifically dedicated to the realm of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, organized by

the esteemed Eurasia Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Association.

Possessing an unwavering commitment to upholding the highest standards

of excellence, an unparalleled wealth of knowledge, and an unyielding

dedication to patient satisfaction, Dr. Abdol Kh. continues to elevate the field

of Aesthetic and Plastic Surgery, bringing forth remarkable outcomes and

empowering individuals to embrace their inherent beauty with renewed

confidence.

Este médico ha completado varios cursos de formación médica y estética en los últimos 24 años, que incluyen depilación láser, botox y aplicaciones de relleno, mesoterapia, tratamiento con láser fraccionado, aplicación de PRP, formación con láser CO2 ablativo, aplicaciones de endopeel, formación con cavitación, formación con IPL, ozono terapia, disección de cadáveres, levantamientos de hilo y más.

Español Nacido en Ankara, el doctor Can Bey completó su educación primaria y secundaria en el Ted College y luego recibió su educación secundaria en el Robert College de Estambul. Además de su educación inglesa en el Robert College, se mejoró tomando lecciones de pintura, escultura y fotografía. Después de una rica vida escolar de 5 años, estudió en la Facultad de Medicina de Estambul, Capa Medicine, y recibió el título de médico. Al graduarse en el examen de especialidad en medicina, tuvo derecho a recibir una formación de especialización en el Departamento de Cirugía Plástica, Reconstructiva y Estética de la Universidad de Ciencias de la Salud de Estambul. A partir de sus años de escuela de medicina, viajó a muchos países e hizo una pasantía y aumentó su conocimiento profesional. Estos países son Egipto (El Cairo), España (Madrid), los Países Bajos (Gröningen), Portugal (Lisboa), Austria (Stolzalpe) y los Estados Unidos (Los Ángeles, Chicago).

Mehmet Özdemir, ciudadano turco nacido el 20 de julio de 1990 en Mardin, Turquía, es un profesional médico dedicado y consumado. Completó su educación primaria en Mardin antes de continuar su educación secundaria en Siirt Science High School en Siirt, Turquía. Más tarde, estudió Medicina en la División de Inglés de la Facultad de Medicina Cerrahpaşa de la Universidad de Estambul desde septiembre de 2008 hasta agosto de 2014. Comenzó su residencia como Médico de Urgencias en el Hospital Estatal de Nusaybin y continuó su trayectoria médica con varios puestos, incluido el de Médico Residente en la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Dicle, especializándose en Cirugía Plástica, Reconstructiva y Estética. La amplia experiencia de Özdemir incluye electivas y becas en prestigiosas instituciones como la Facultad de Medicina de Hannover en Alemania y la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Cerrahpaşa en Turquía. En particular, realizó investigaciones sobre nuevas técnicas de injerto para rinoplastia, lo que le valió el reconocimiento bajo la supervisión del Dr. Mehmet Fatih Akkoç. Özdemir enriqueció aún más su experiencia a través de programas electivos y becas, incluida una beca reciente en la Clínica Auersvald en Curitiba, Brasil, bajo la guía del Dr. Andre Auersvald. Con una formación diversa y un compromiso con la excelencia, Mehmet Özdemir es un médico especialista calificado en cirugía plástica, reconstructiva y estética con sede en Diyarbakır, Turquía.

Nacido en Samsun, Turquía, en junio de 1992, el Dr. Uğurcan ŞENER comenzó su vida educativa en Samsun y se graduó con éxito de la Escuela Secundaria de Ordu en 2010. Se graduó de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Gazi en 2016 con honores.

Después de graduarse, trabajó como médico general en el Centro de Salud Comunitario de Çarşamba, que fue su primer lugar de trabajo. Entre 2017 y 2022, completó su especialización en la clínica de Cirugía Plástica, Reconstructiva y Estética del Hospital de Formación e Investigación Ankara Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt, donde se realizaron varias operaciones de cirugía estética y reconstructiva.

Completó su servicio obligatorio realizando numerosas operaciones diferentes en la Clínica de Cirugía Plástica, Reconstructiva y Estética del Hospital Estatal de Tunceli entre 2022 y 2024.

El Dr. Uğurcan Şener, que comenzó a trabajar en su propia clínica en Antalya en 2024, realiza para usted numerosas operaciones médicas e intervenciones no quirúrgicas en su campo de formación.

El Dr. Uğurcan Şener es miembro de la Asociación Turca de Cirugía Plástica Reconstructiva y Estética (TPRECD) y de la Asociación de Cirugía Plástica Estética (EPCD).

Especializaciones

• Rinoplastia Estética
• Aplicaciones faciales en cirugía
• Estética mamaria
• Estética de modelado corporal
• Liposucción
• Procedimientos de Botox, Relleno y Mesoterapia

La estética médica es un campo especializado de la medicina que se centra en mejorar la apariencia estética mediante el tratamiento de afecciones como cicatrices, flacidez de la piel, arrugas, lunares, manchas de la edad, exceso de grasa, celulitis, vello no deseado, decoloración de la piel y arañas vasculares. En Estambul, Turquía, la estética médica abarca una amplia gama de procedimientos no quirúrgicos que tienen como objetivo mejorar la apariencia de una persona y aumentar su confianza en sí misma.

• Inyectables: Incluyen Botox y rellenos dérmicos para reducir la aparición de arrugas y dar volumen a la piel.
• Tratamientos con láser: se utilizan para la eliminación del vello, el rejuvenecimiento de la piel y para disminuir la visibilidad de cicatrices o pigmentación.
• Rejuvenecimiento de la piel: como peelings químicos, microagujas y terapia de luz para mejorar la textura y el tono de la piel.