Diagnóstico de cataratas antes de la OP
Todos los tratamientos
Diagnóstico de cataratas antes de la OP
Todos los tratamientos

Los mejores oftalmólogos de Diagnóstico de cataratas antes de la OP en Turquía — TOP-135 médicos

El contenido cumple con la Política editorial de Bookimed y está revisado médicamente por
Fahad Mawlood - Médico general. Ganador de 4 premios científicos. Sirvió en Asia Occidental. Es el ex jefe del equipo médico que soporta a pacientes de habla árabe. Ahora es responsable del procesamiento de datos y la precisión del contenido médico.
Veysi Oner
Oftalmólogo
16 años de experiencia

Veysi Oner

Oftalmólogo
16 años de experiencia
Turquía, Estambul
Dunyagoz Eye Hospital Istanbul Altunizade
Sahin Sevim
Oftalmólogo
17 años de experiencia

Sahin Sevim

Oftalmólogo
17 años de experiencia
Turquía, Estambul
Dunyagoz Eye Hospital Istanbul Altunizade
Canan Gurdal
Oftalmólogo
27 años de experiencia

Canan Gurdal

Oftalmólogo
27 años de experiencia
Turquía, Ankara
Dunyagoz Eye Hospital Ankara Tunus
Atilla Bayer
Oftalmólogo
26 años de experiencia

Atilla Bayer

Oftalmólogo
26 años de experiencia
Turquía, Ankara
Dunyagoz Eye Hospital Ankara Tunus
Fatih Karel
Oftalmólogo
33 años de experiencia

Fatih Karel

Oftalmólogo
33 años de experiencia
Turquía, Ankara
Dunyagoz Eye Hospital Ankara Tunus
Seda Mutevelli
Oftalmólogo
16 años de experiencia

Seda Mutevelli

Oftalmólogo
16 años de experiencia
Turquía, Ankara
Dunyagoz Eye Hospital Ankara Kecioren
Mahmut Dogan
Oftalmólogo
10 años de experiencia

Mahmut Dogan

Oftalmólogo
10 años de experiencia
Turquía, Ankara
Dunyagoz Eye Hospital Ankara Kecioren
Rahmi Duman
Oftalmólogo
13 años de experiencia

Rahmi Duman

Oftalmólogo
13 años de experiencia
Turquía, Ankara
Dunyagoz Eye Hospital Ankara Kecioren
Ayse Cicek
Oftalmólogo
11 años de experiencia

Ayse Cicek

Oftalmólogo
11 años de experiencia
Turquía, Ankara
Dunyagoz Eye Hospital Ankara Kecioren
Murat Emir
Oftalmólogo
22 años de experiencia

Murat Emir

Oftalmólogo
22 años de experiencia
Turquía, Ankara
Dunyagoz Eye Hospital Ankara Tunus
Volkan Hurmeric
Oftalmólogo
16 años de experiencia

Volkan Hurmeric

Oftalmólogo
16 años de experiencia
Turquía, Ankara
Dunyagoz Eye Hospital Ankara Tunus
Sertac Ozturk
Oftalmólogo
16 años de experiencia

Sertac Ozturk

Oftalmólogo
16 años de experiencia
Turquía, Ankara
Dunyagoz Eye Hospital Ankara Tunus
Mustafa Kosker
Oftalmólogo
16 años de experiencia

Mustafa Kosker

Oftalmólogo
16 años de experiencia
Turquía, Ankara
Dunyagoz Eye Hospital Ankara Tunus
Kemal Ozulken
Oftalmólogo
19 años de experiencia

Kemal Ozulken

Oftalmólogo
19 años de experiencia
Turquía, Ankara
Dunyagoz Eye Hospital Ankara Tunus
Kadriye Ufuk Elgin
Oftalmólogo
32 años de experiencia

Kadriye Ufuk Elgin

Oftalmólogo
32 años de experiencia
Turquía, Ankara
Dunyagoz Eye Hospital Ankara Tunus
Faik Orucoglu
Oftalmólogo
21 años de experiencia
Turquía, Estambul
Birinci Eye Hospital

Faik Orucoglu

Oftalmólogo
21 años de experiencia
El Dr. Faik Orucoglu es un cirujano ocular altamente cualificado especializado en procedimientos como la cirugía de cataratas con sustitución de la lente intraocular, las inyecciones de Botox y la cirugía ocular LASIK. Ha realizado importantes investigaciones sobre las características clínicas y el diagnóstico de los ojos rojos y dolorosos causados por el contacto con las puntas de los frascos de colirios o pomadas.Mostrar más
El Dr. Faik Orucoglu es un cirujano ocular altamente cualificado especializado en procedimientos como la cirugía de cataratas con sustitución de la lente intraocular, las inyecciones de Botox y la cirugía ocular LASIK. Ha realizado importantes investigaciones sobre las características clínicas y el diagnóstico de los ojos rojos y dolorosos causados por el contacto con las puntas de los frascos de colirios o pomadas.
Mostrar más
Omer Takes
Oftalmólogo
13 años de experiencia

Omer Takes

Oftalmólogo
13 años de experiencia
Turquía, Esmirna
EyeWell Clinics
Ilker Yalcin
Oftalmólogo
22 años de experiencia
Turquía, Estambul
Clínica Care in Turkey

Ilker Yalcin

Oftalmólogo
22 años de experiencia
İlker Yalçın es un oftalmólogo con 20.000 experiencias quirúrgicas. Estudió en la Universidad de Estambul y completó su profesión en el Hospital de Investigación y Capacitación Ocular de Beyoğlu en 2002. Actualmente trabaja en el Hospital Or-Ahayim Private Balat, el Hospital Avicenna Gültepe y el Hospital Liv en el campo de la catarata ocular y la cirugía refractiva.Mostrar más
İlker Yalçın es un oftalmólogo con 20.000 experiencias quirúrgicas. Estudió en la Universidad de Estambul y completó su profesión en el Hospital de Investigación y Capacitación Ocular de Beyoğlu en 2002. Actualmente trabaja en el Hospital Or-Ahayim Private Balat, el Hospital Avicenna Gültepe y el Hospital Liv en el campo de la catarata ocular y la cirugía refractiva.
Mostrar más
Muhammet Derda Ozer
Oftalmólogo
13 años de experiencia
Turquía, Estambul
MDO OZER BEST

Muhammet Derda Ozer

Oftalmólogo
13 años de experiencia

Education :

Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine September 2004 – July 2010

Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Residency February 2011 - April 2011 

Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Residency August 2011 - March 2016

Thomas Jefferson University, Wills Eye Institute, Ocular Oncology Department, Observership August 2012 - September 2012 

Turkish Health Ministry, Hakkari State Hospital, Ophthalmology Clinic, Eye M.D July 2016 – March 2018

Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Faculty of Medicine, Ophthalmology Department, Assistant Professor, March 2018 – October 2021

Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Faculty of Medicine, Ophthalmology Department, Associate Professor, October 2021 – December 2021

Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University, Faculty of Medicine, Ophthalmology Department, Associate Professor, January 2022 – present

Educational Qualifications :

1. International Council of Ophthalmology (ICO) Basic Sciences assessment in ophthalmology examination  passed on April 2017

2. International Council of Ophthalmology (ICO) Optics & Refraction examination passed on April 2017

3. International Council of Ophthalmology (ICO) Clinical Sciences in Ophthalmology examination passed on April 2018

4. Awarded for ICO-STAAR Surgical Three-Month Fellowship in Vitreo-Retina at the University of Kansas, Medical School, Dept. of Ophthalmology in Prairie Village, KS, USA under the supervision of Prof. Radwan Aijlan from April 6, 2020, to July 5, 2020.

5. International Council of Ophthalmology (ICO) Advanced Examination in Ophthalmology examination passed on July 2020.

6. United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1 passed on January 7 2021 with 221 pts.

7. United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 2 CK passed on August 25 2021 with 214 pts.

Presentations & Posters :

1. 47th National Ophthalmology Congress, The effectiveness of photodynamic therapy on circumscribed choroidal hemangioma, Oral presentation, Ozer MD, Tuncer S, November 2013, Antalya, Turkey. 

2. 48th National Ophthalmology Congress, Clinical features and treatment outcomes of primary ophthalmic rhabdomyosarcoma: Tertiary center experience, Ozer MD, Ulas MG, Tuncer S, Oral presentation, November 2014, Antalya, Turkey

3. 2015 ISOO Meeting, Long-term Outcome of Combined (Perilesional Injection and Topical) Interferon Alpha-2b Therapy in the Management of Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia, Tuncer S, Ozer MD, Oral presentation, June 2015, Paris, France

4. 49th National Ophthalmology Congress. Clinical presentation patterns of pediatric Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome and long-term follow-up results, Kiragi D, Ozer MD, Lider-Gezer M, Oray M, Tugal-Tutkun I, Oral presentation, November 2015, Istanbul, Turkey.

5. 49th National Ophthalmology Congress, Central corneal thickness and optic disc dimensions in glaucoma patients, Bayraktar S, Ozer MD, Izgi B, Poster, November 2015, Istanbul, Turkey.

6. 49th National Ophthalmology Congress, Analysis of retinal nerve fiber layer and choroidal thickness in patients with systemic sclerosis to identify a potential risk factor for normal-tension glaucoma, Ceylan E, Ozer MD, Ekinci M, Yilmaz YC, Poster, November 2015, Istanbul, Turkey.

7. 50th National Ophthalmology Congress, Treatment of age-related macular degeneration with intravitreal Ranibizumab: Real-life experience, Cebeci Z, Yilmaz YC, Ozer D, Kir N, Oral presentation, November 2016, Antalya, Turkey

8. 51st National Ophthalmology Congress, A rarely seen complication of cataract surgery: Endocapsular Hematoma, Ozer MD, Batur M, Artuç T, Seven E, Tekin S, Poster, November 2017, Antalya, Turkey

9. 52nd National Ophthalmology Congress, Nanophthalmos Wıth Macular Folds, Yavuzer B, Batur M, Seven E, Ozer MD, Poster, November 2018, Antalya, Turkey

10. 52nd National Ophthalmology Congress, Clinical Features and Treatment Methods of Orbital Cellulite Cases, Mesen S, Tekin S, Batur M, Duzenli U, Seven E, Ozer MD, Poster, November 2018, Antalya, Turkey

11. 52nd National Ophthalmology Congress, Case Series: Ocular Chemical Burns, Tekin S, Artuç T, Batur M, Ozer MD, Poster, November 2018, Antalya, Turkey

12. 52nd National Ophthalmology Congress, Sensory-Neural Hearing Loss affecting Low frequencies in Patients with Pseudoexfoliation, Ozer MD, Batur M, Duzenli U, Seven E, Tekin S, Poster, November 2018, Antalya, Turkey

13. 52nd National Ophthalmology Congress, Silicone tube intubation by Ritleng stent in children over two years of age with nasolacrimal duct obstruction, Ocal H, Seven E, Tekin S, Ozer MD, Batur M, Poster, November 2018, Antalya, Turkey

14. 52nd National Ophthalmology Congress, Cherry Red Spot Appearance in Macula and Alkaptonuria: A Case Report, Mesen S, Batur M, Ozer MD, Tekin S, Poster, November 2018, Antalya, Turkey

15. 52nd National Ophthalmology Congress, A Rare Complication in Intravitreal Dexamethasone Implantation: Implant Migration to the Anterior Chamber, Gulbay S, Batur M, Ozer MD, Tekin S, Poster, November 2018, Antalya, Turkey

16. 52nd National Ophthalmology Congress, Effect of Coenzyme Q10 Eye Drop on Corneal Wound Healing in Bacterial Keratitis Treatment, Batur M, Seven E, Tekin S, Ozer MD, Oral presentation, November 2018, Antalya, Turkey

17. 19th Euretina Congress, Effect of reduced production of aqueous humor on bacterial growth potential in rabbit eyes, Batur M, Ozer M, Tekin S, Oral presentation, September 2019, Paris, France

18. 53rd National Ophthalmology Congress, Evaluation of the clinical features of patients with hyphema due to blunt trauma, Seven E, Kebapci F, Tekin S, Batur M, Ozer MD, Oral presentation, November 2019, Antalya, Turkey

19. 53rd National Ophthalmology Congress, Adherence to drop therapy and the relationship of compliance with progression in glaucoma patients, Tekin S, Ocal H, Seven E, Batur M, Ozer MD, Poster, November 2019, Antalya, Turkey

20. 53rd National Ophthalmology Congress, Bilateral sudden-transient vision loss after central venous catheter removal, Altas AS, Batur M, Sayir F, Seven E, Tekin S, Ozer MD, Poster, November 2019, Antalya, Turkey

21. 53rd National Ophthalmology Congress, Clinical Evaluation of Argon Laser Photocoagulation Therapy in Patients with Retinal Tears, Ocal H, Seven E, Batur M, Tekin S, Ozer MD, Poster, November 2019, Antalya, Turkey

 

22. 53rd National Ophthalmology Congress, Macular damage due to laser epilation: a case report, Batur M, Ocal H, Ozer MD, Seven E, Tekin S, Poster, November 2019, Antalya, Turkey

 

23. 53rd National Ophthalmology Congress, Phototoxic Maculopathy Due to Extreme Usage of Infrared Illuminator Assembled Night Vision Handheld Scope, Ozer MD, Batur M, Seven E, Tekin S, Savasan M, Poster, November 2019, Antalya, Turkey

 

24. 54th National Ophthalmology Congress, Internal Ophthalmolplegia after Chickenpox Infection, Gedik AC, Ozer MD, Poster, November 2020, Virtual, Turkey.

 

Work Experience :

1. Phase II Study to Analyze Sarilumab in Non-Infectious Uveitis (SARILNIUSATURN-Sanofi), Sub-Investigator (Principle investigator: Prof. Dr. Ilknur Tugal-Tutkun)

2. Efficacy of Gevokizumab in the Treatment of Patients With Behçet's Disease Uveitis (EYEGUARD-A&C-Servier), Sub-Investigator (Principle investigator: Prof. Dr. Ilknur Tugal-Tutkun)

3. A Randomized, Double-masked, Placebo-controlled Study of the Efficacy of Gevokizumab in the Treatment of Patients With Behçet's Disease Uveitis (EYEGUARD-B-Servier), Sub-Investigator (Principle investigator: Prof. Dr. Ilknur Tugal-Tutkun)

 

4. A 12-month, randomized, double-masked, sham-controlled, multicenter study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of 0.5 mg ranibizumab intravitreal injections due to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) driven macular edema (RFB002-Novartis), Injection sub-investigator (Principle investigator: Prof. Dr. Nur Kir)

5. A Phase III multicenter, randomized, double-masked, sham-controlled study to assess the efficacy and safety of Lampalizumab administered intravitreally to patients with geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration (GX29176-Roche), Photographer (Principle investigator: Prof. Dr. Nur Kir)

 

Selected as an active member of the Turkish Ophthalmological Association, Young Ophthalmologist Council, 2020 - present

 

Mostrar más

Education :

Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine September 2004 – July 2010

Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Residency February 2011 - April 2011 

Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Residency August 2011 - March 2016

Thomas Jefferson University, Wills Eye Institute, Ocular Oncology Department, Observership August 2012 - September 2012 

Turkish Health Ministry, Hakkari State Hospital, Ophthalmology Clinic, Eye M.D July 2016 – March 2018

Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Faculty of Medicine, Ophthalmology Department, Assistant Professor, March 2018 – October 2021

Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Faculty of Medicine, Ophthalmology Department, Associate Professor, October 2021 – December 2021

Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University, Faculty of Medicine, Ophthalmology Department, Associate Professor, January 2022 – present

Educational Qualifications :

1. International Council of Ophthalmology (ICO) Basic Sciences assessment in ophthalmology examination  passed on April 2017

2. International Council of Ophthalmology (ICO) Optics & Refraction examination passed on April 2017

3. International Council of Ophthalmology (ICO) Clinical Sciences in Ophthalmology examination passed on April 2018

4. Awarded for ICO-STAAR Surgical Three-Month Fellowship in Vitreo-Retina at the University of Kansas, Medical School, Dept. of Ophthalmology in Prairie Village, KS, USA under the supervision of Prof. Radwan Aijlan from April 6, 2020, to July 5, 2020.

5. International Council of Ophthalmology (ICO) Advanced Examination in Ophthalmology examination passed on July 2020.

6. United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1 passed on January 7 2021 with 221 pts.

7. United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 2 CK passed on August 25 2021 with 214 pts.

Presentations & Posters :

1. 47th National Ophthalmology Congress, The effectiveness of photodynamic therapy on circumscribed choroidal hemangioma, Oral presentation, Ozer MD, Tuncer S, November 2013, Antalya, Turkey. 

2. 48th National Ophthalmology Congress, Clinical features and treatment outcomes of primary ophthalmic rhabdomyosarcoma: Tertiary center experience, Ozer MD, Ulas MG, Tuncer S, Oral presentation, November 2014, Antalya, Turkey

3. 2015 ISOO Meeting, Long-term Outcome of Combined (Perilesional Injection and Topical) Interferon Alpha-2b Therapy in the Management of Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia, Tuncer S, Ozer MD, Oral presentation, June 2015, Paris, France

4. 49th National Ophthalmology Congress. Clinical presentation patterns of pediatric Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome and long-term follow-up results, Kiragi D, Ozer MD, Lider-Gezer M, Oray M, Tugal-Tutkun I, Oral presentation, November 2015, Istanbul, Turkey.

5. 49th National Ophthalmology Congress, Central corneal thickness and optic disc dimensions in glaucoma patients, Bayraktar S, Ozer MD, Izgi B, Poster, November 2015, Istanbul, Turkey.

6. 49th National Ophthalmology Congress, Analysis of retinal nerve fiber layer and choroidal thickness in patients with systemic sclerosis to identify a potential risk factor for normal-tension glaucoma, Ceylan E, Ozer MD, Ekinci M, Yilmaz YC, Poster, November 2015, Istanbul, Turkey.

7. 50th National Ophthalmology Congress, Treatment of age-related macular degeneration with intravitreal Ranibizumab: Real-life experience, Cebeci Z, Yilmaz YC, Ozer D, Kir N, Oral presentation, November 2016, Antalya, Turkey

8. 51st National Ophthalmology Congress, A rarely seen complication of cataract surgery: Endocapsular Hematoma, Ozer MD, Batur M, Artuç T, Seven E, Tekin S, Poster, November 2017, Antalya, Turkey

9. 52nd National Ophthalmology Congress, Nanophthalmos Wıth Macular Folds, Yavuzer B, Batur M, Seven E, Ozer MD, Poster, November 2018, Antalya, Turkey

10. 52nd National Ophthalmology Congress, Clinical Features and Treatment Methods of Orbital Cellulite Cases, Mesen S, Tekin S, Batur M, Duzenli U, Seven E, Ozer MD, Poster, November 2018, Antalya, Turkey

11. 52nd National Ophthalmology Congress, Case Series: Ocular Chemical Burns, Tekin S, Artuç T, Batur M, Ozer MD, Poster, November 2018, Antalya, Turkey

12. 52nd National Ophthalmology Congress, Sensory-Neural Hearing Loss affecting Low frequencies in Patients with Pseudoexfoliation, Ozer MD, Batur M, Duzenli U, Seven E, Tekin S, Poster, November 2018, Antalya, Turkey

13. 52nd National Ophthalmology Congress, Silicone tube intubation by Ritleng stent in children over two years of age with nasolacrimal duct obstruction, Ocal H, Seven E, Tekin S, Ozer MD, Batur M, Poster, November 2018, Antalya, Turkey

14. 52nd National Ophthalmology Congress, Cherry Red Spot Appearance in Macula and Alkaptonuria: A Case Report, Mesen S, Batur M, Ozer MD, Tekin S, Poster, November 2018, Antalya, Turkey

15. 52nd National Ophthalmology Congress, A Rare Complication in Intravitreal Dexamethasone Implantation: Implant Migration to the Anterior Chamber, Gulbay S, Batur M, Ozer MD, Tekin S, Poster, November 2018, Antalya, Turkey

16. 52nd National Ophthalmology Congress, Effect of Coenzyme Q10 Eye Drop on Corneal Wound Healing in Bacterial Keratitis Treatment, Batur M, Seven E, Tekin S, Ozer MD, Oral presentation, November 2018, Antalya, Turkey

17. 19th Euretina Congress, Effect of reduced production of aqueous humor on bacterial growth potential in rabbit eyes, Batur M, Ozer M, Tekin S, Oral presentation, September 2019, Paris, France

18. 53rd National Ophthalmology Congress, Evaluation of the clinical features of patients with hyphema due to blunt trauma, Seven E, Kebapci F, Tekin S, Batur M, Ozer MD, Oral presentation, November 2019, Antalya, Turkey

19. 53rd National Ophthalmology Congress, Adherence to drop therapy and the relationship of compliance with progression in glaucoma patients, Tekin S, Ocal H, Seven E, Batur M, Ozer MD, Poster, November 2019, Antalya, Turkey

20. 53rd National Ophthalmology Congress, Bilateral sudden-transient vision loss after central venous catheter removal, Altas AS, Batur M, Sayir F, Seven E, Tekin S, Ozer MD, Poster, November 2019, Antalya, Turkey

21. 53rd National Ophthalmology Congress, Clinical Evaluation of Argon Laser Photocoagulation Therapy in Patients with Retinal Tears, Ocal H, Seven E, Batur M, Tekin S, Ozer MD, Poster, November 2019, Antalya, Turkey

 

22. 53rd National Ophthalmology Congress, Macular damage due to laser epilation: a case report, Batur M, Ocal H, Ozer MD, Seven E, Tekin S, Poster, November 2019, Antalya, Turkey

 

23. 53rd National Ophthalmology Congress, Phototoxic Maculopathy Due to Extreme Usage of Infrared Illuminator Assembled Night Vision Handheld Scope, Ozer MD, Batur M, Seven E, Tekin S, Savasan M, Poster, November 2019, Antalya, Turkey

 

24. 54th National Ophthalmology Congress, Internal Ophthalmolplegia after Chickenpox Infection, Gedik AC, Ozer MD, Poster, November 2020, Virtual, Turkey.

 

Work Experience :

1. Phase II Study to Analyze Sarilumab in Non-Infectious Uveitis (SARILNIUSATURN-Sanofi), Sub-Investigator (Principle investigator: Prof. Dr. Ilknur Tugal-Tutkun)

2. Efficacy of Gevokizumab in the Treatment of Patients With Behçet's Disease Uveitis (EYEGUARD-A&C-Servier), Sub-Investigator (Principle investigator: Prof. Dr. Ilknur Tugal-Tutkun)

3. A Randomized, Double-masked, Placebo-controlled Study of the Efficacy of Gevokizumab in the Treatment of Patients With Behçet's Disease Uveitis (EYEGUARD-B-Servier), Sub-Investigator (Principle investigator: Prof. Dr. Ilknur Tugal-Tutkun)

 

4. A 12-month, randomized, double-masked, sham-controlled, multicenter study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of 0.5 mg ranibizumab intravitreal injections due to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) driven macular edema (RFB002-Novartis), Injection sub-investigator (Principle investigator: Prof. Dr. Nur Kir)

5. A Phase III multicenter, randomized, double-masked, sham-controlled study to assess the efficacy and safety of Lampalizumab administered intravitreally to patients with geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration (GX29176-Roche), Photographer (Principle investigator: Prof. Dr. Nur Kir)

 

Selected as an active member of the Turkish Ophthalmological Association, Young Ophthalmologist Council, 2020 - present

 

Mostrar más
Esta página puede incluir información relacionada con diversas afecciones médicas, tratamientos y servicios de salud disponibles en diferentes países. Tenga en cuenta que el contenido se proporciona sólo con fines informativos y no debe interpretarse como asesoramiento médico o orientación. Por favor consulte con su médico o con un profesional médico calificado antes de comenzar o cambiar el tratamiento médico.