Los mejores cirujanos cardíacos de Cirugía a corazón abierto — TOP-110 médicos

Medical Interests and Activities 

Arterial Revasculaisation in Coronary Bypass Surgery 

Major Artery Surgery 

Congenital Heart Surgery 

Education and Experience 

1985 – 1991 Istanbul University, Çapa Faculty of Medicine, (Doctor of Medicine) 

1990 Kinderspital Basel, Switzerland, Pediatrics. 

1992 – 1997 Istanbul University, Institute of Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, (Residency) 

1997 – 2004 Istanbul University, Institute of Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, (Cardiovascular Surgeon) 

2004 – 2006 Selçuk University, Meram Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, (Assistant Professor) 

2006 – 2007 Selcuk University, Meram Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, (Associate Professor) 

2007 – 2013 Florence Nightingale Hospital, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery 

2015 – Liv Hospital Ulus 

Memberships 

Turkish Society of Cardiovascular Surgery 

Turkish Society of Cardiology 

European Society of Vascular Surgery 

National Society of Vascular Surgery

• El Dr. Ali Fedakar se especializa en técnicas avanzadas de cirugía a corazón abierto.
• Experto en Injerto de Bypass de Arteria Coronaria (CABG), Reparación/Reemplazo de Válvulas.
• Innova con la derivación coronaria directa mínimamente invasiva (MIDCAB).
• Utiliza cirugía sin bomba (corazón latiendo) y métodos de revascularización híbrida.
• La formación internacional incluye trabajo en Turquía y contribuciones a la investigación global.
• Certificado por la junta en Cirugía Cardiovascular, lo que garantiza altos estándares de atención.
• Miembro de estimadas sociedades quirúrgicas, lo que significa reconocimiento entre pares.
• Ofrece consultas en línea para pacientes de cirugía a corazón abierto a nivel internacional.
• Hablar varios idiomas, mejorando la comunicación con el paciente.

• Education and Specialization:
• Medical Degree: Ankara University Faculty of Medicine (1994)
• Specialization in Cardiovascular Surgery: Gazi University, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery

• Professional Experience:
• Former Experience: Cardiovascular Surgeon at Gazi University Hospital and SANKO University Hospital
• Current Position: Cardiovascular Surgeon at İstinye University Hospital Medical Park Gaziosmanpaşa

• Areas of Interest:
• Coronary Artery Diseases and Coronary Bypass
• Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery
• Peripheral Arterial Diseases
• Heart Valve Diseases and Minimally Invasive Valve Surgery
• Venous Diseases and Endovascular Interventions
• Aortic Surgery and Endovascular Aortic Interventions

• Research and Publications:
• Dr. Erdoğan has contributed significantly to cardiovascular research, with numerous publications in international and national peer-reviewed journals. His research covers topics like coronary artery disease, minimally invasive cardiac surgery, and endovascular interventions.

Op. Dr. Faruk Gençoğlu completed his medical faculty career, which he started at Samsun 19 Mayıs University, by joining the academic staff of Istanbul Cerrahpaşa Cardiology Institute in 2015 and receiving his specialization in 2020. Gençoğlu, who actively took part in approximately 3 thousand cases during this process; He has performed surgery for adult cardiovascular diseases such as adult coronary artery disease, heart valve diseases (aortic-mitral-tricuspid), aortic surgery, carotid surgery, peripheral vascular diseases, venous insufficiency (varicose veins), deep vein thrombosis. Gençoğlu, who restarted cardiac surgery at Batman Training and Research Hospital in 2021, served as the clinical chief of open heart surgery for 2 years. 

FIELDS OF MEDICAL INTERESTS

Adult coronary artery disease,

Heart valve diseases (aortic-mitral-tricuspid)

Aortic surgery,

carotid surgery,

Peripheral vascular diseases,

Venous insufficiency (varicose veins),

deep vein thrombosis

• El Dr. Raúl Felipe Abella se especializa en cirugía a corazón abierto.
• Realiza procedimientos como injerto de derivación de arteria coronaria y reparación/reemplazo de válvulas.
• Incorpora métodos innovadores como cirugía sin bomba, técnicas mínimamente invasivas y robóticas.
• Formado internacionalmente en Italia, Francia, Suiza y Estados Unidos.
• El equipo de Abella cuenta con una tasa de supervivencia postoperatoria del 98,2% en operaciones cardíacas.
• Cirujano cardiovascular certificado con membresías en prestigiosas sociedades médicas.
• Ofrece consultas en línea para pacientes que necesitan cirugía a corazón abierto.
• Dominio de varios idiomas, incluidos español, italiano e inglés.

El Prof. Mustafa Güden es cirujano cardíaco con 30 años de experiencia. Es especialista en operaciones robóticas y endoscópicas (a través de pequeñas punciones) en el corazón.

Estadísticas del médico:

• 9.500 operaciones;
• 50.000 pacientes;
• 16 certificados.

Biografía profesional

En 1989, Mustafa Guden se graduó de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Estambul.

Después de graduarse como cirujano cardíaco, el Dr. Guden practicó durante 10 años en el Hospital Florence Nightingale en Estambul. Durante este período, mejoró sus calificaciones en el hospital OLV Klinik en Bélgica.

Desde 2016 ejerce en el Hospital Universitario Medipol.

Actividad científica

El profesor Mustafa Guden es autor de 55 publicaciones médicas.

Personal information

Title: Professor Doctor

Branch: Pulmonary Diseases

Work History:

1  Ilıca Health Center \ Health Center Physician (Compulsory Service)

2   Florence Nightingale Hospital

3   Onze Lieve Vrouw Clinic (OLV) Aalst Belgium

4   Istanbul Bilim University (Assistant Professor)

5   Florence Nightingale Hospital (Associate Professor)

6   Istanbul Bilim University (Professor)

Medical Specialties and Subspecialties:

1   Minimally invasive heart surgery

2   Aortic surgery

3   Cover Repairs

4   Arrhythmia Surgery

Special advanced health technologies:

1   Robotic heart surgery (Da Vinci Robotic System)

2   Port Access Surgery

Education

1991 - Selçuk University Faculty of Medicine

1998 - Istanbul University Cardiology Institute (Specialization)

Prof. Mert Yılmaz, MD. MS

Adult and Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgeon

International member of Society of Thoracic Surgeons USA

Prof. Mert YILMAZ was graduated from Istanbul University Istanbul Medical Faculty in 1988. He started his residency program at the Uludag University, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery in 1990. During his residency training in the Uludag University, he also spent a year as a visiting resident in Royal South Hants Hospital in England. Afterword, he started to work as a chief resident in the Uludag University until the end of his specialty program. He became board certified Cardiovascular surgeon in 1995. He started to work in Florence Nightingale Hospital in Istanbul as a staff Cardiovascular surgeon in 1996. In year 2000, He actively particapated in the Cardiac Surgery program and performed multiple interventions including cardiac transplantation, minimal invasive cardiac surgery and endovascular surgery in OLV Aalst Hospital in Belgium. In 2001, He came back to Florence Nightingale Hospital, He was one of the pioneers in endovascular repairement of abdominal aneurysm surgeries as he performed the second case in Turkey in the Gayrettepe Florence Nightingale Hospital in 2003.

In 2004, he returned to academia as an assistant professor in the Uludag University and he worked on both Adult and Pediatric Cardiac Surgeries between, 2004 and 2008. He also took part in establishment of Medicana International Hospital in Istanbul in 2009 and. He worked as a associate Director of the department more than one year in this hospital. Between 2010-2014, he was the Director of the Deparment of Cardiovascular Surgery in Medicalpark Hospital Bursa and Turkish Private Hospital in Erbil. Since 2014, he is the Director of the Deparment of Cardiovascular Surgery in Kadıköy Florence Nightingale Hospital in Istanbul.  His special interests are minimal invasive Cardiac surgery (small insicion) and Pediatric Cardiac surgery.  As an academician, Professor Yilmaz published over than 50 international and national manuscripts and 7 of them were tittiled as the first report in the world medical literature. He speaks and writes English fluently.



CURRENT POSITION

2014- present: Head of the Dept of Cardiovascular Surgery Kadıköy Florence Nightingale Hospital/Istanbul

2020- present Full Professor at Halic University Istanbul

EDUCATION

1982-1988: Istanbul University, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey, (MD) 

1990-1994:Uludağ University, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Dept. of Cardiovascular Surgery (Resident)

1994: Royal South Hants Hospital, NHS, Southampton UK, (Registrar)

1995-1996: Uludağ University, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Dept. of Cardiovascular Surgery (Chief Resident)

DEGREES

PREVIOUS POSITIONS AND EMPLOYMENT

1996-2000: Cardiovascular Surgeon, Florence Nightingale Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey 

2000: Visiting Clinical Fellow, OLV Hospital Aalst, Brussels, Belgium

2001-2004: Cardiovascular Surgeon, Florence Nightingale Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey

2004-2007: Clinical Fellow/Research Associate, Dept. of Cardiovascular Surgery Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey, 

2007- 2008: Assoc. Professor  Dept. of Cardiovascular Surgery Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey

2008-2009: Consultant Cardiovascular Surgeon, Dept. of Cardiovascular Surgery Medicana International Istanbul, Turkey 

2009-2010: Head of the Dept. of Cardiovascular Surgery Universal Hospital Çamlıca, Istanbul, Turkey,

2010-2012 : Head of the Dept of Cardiovascular Surgery Medicalpark Bursa Hospital, Bursa

2012-2014 : Head of the Dept of Cardiovascular Surgery Turkish Private Hospital, Erbil

PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES

MEMBERSHIPS

Society of  Thoracic Surgeons (USA)

European Society for Vascular Surgery 

Turkish society of Cardiovascular Surgery

European Association of Cardiothoracic Surgery

CTS net

JOURNAL REVIEWS

European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery

Turkish Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 

PUBLICATIONS

A. PEER-REVIEWED SCI and SCI-E PUBLICATIONS

A1. Ener, S., Yılmaz, M., Atasoy, S., Ozkan, H., Cengiz, M. “Superior-septal Approach for Mitral Valve Surgery’’ Archives of the Turkish Society of Cardiology 23: 267-270 (1995)

A2. Senkaya, I, Yilmaz, M., Güven H, Ozer HZ, Özkan, H.

Chylothorax: After Blunt Chest Trauma Turk Gogus Kalp Dama 1995;3:194-196

A3. Ener,S., Yilmaz,M., Eken., Karadag, M., Cengiz, M. Sleeve Lobectomy and Bronchovascular Reconstruction for Lung Cancer. Turk Gogus Kalp Dama 1995;3:266-269

A4. Akpinar, B, Polat, B., Sanisoğlu, I., Yilmaz, M., Cakalı, E., Bayındır, O., Sonmez, B.

Pulmonary Valve Replacemet: Report of two cases. Turk Gogus Kalp Dama 1997;5:135-139

A5. Gebitekin, C., Yilmaz, M., Şenkaya, I., Sagdıc, K., Saba, D., Ozer, Z. G. “Fatal Haemoptysis due to Pulmonary artery aneurysm in Behçet’s Disease”  European Journal of  Vascular and  Endovascular Surgery 13(2): 233-6 (1997)

A6. Şenkaya, I., Sağdıç,  K., Gebitekin, C., Yilmaz, M., Özkan, H., Cengiz, M. “Management of foreign body aspiration in infancy and childhood. A life-threatening problem” Turkish Journal of  Pediatrics 39 (3): 353-62 (1997)

A7. Polat, B., Yılmaz, M., Akpinar, B., Aytekin, V., Bayındır, O., Sonmez, B. “Revascularization of the Circumflex Artery Using Pedicled Right Internal Mammary Artery Graft Via The Transverse Sinus” Archives of the Turkish Society of Cardiology 26: 275-78 (1998)

A8. Yilmaz, M., Ener, S., Akalın, H., Sagdıc, K., Serdar, A., Cengiz, M. “Effect of Low dose Methylprednisolone on serum Cytokine levels following Extracorporeal Circulation” Perfusion UK 14: 201-206 (1999)

A9. Us, M.H., İnan, K., Özkan, S.,Yılmaz, M., Çakır, O., Duran, E.,  Öztürk, Ö.Y. “Koroner baypass operasyonları sonrasında serum laktat düzeylerinin izlenmesinin mortaliteye etkisi”

Archives of the Turkish Society of Cardiology 4:110-113 (2001)

A10. Polat, B., Yalcin, Y., Korkut, K., Karaci, A., Korkmaz A.A., Yılmaz,  M., Sorgun, F., Bayindir, O. “Arterial Switch Operation in Transposition of the Great Arteries (Jatene prosedure)” Archives of the Turkish Society of Cardiology 29: 549-556 (2001)

A11. Us, M., Sungun, M., Cağli, K., Yilmaz, M., Pekediz, A., Oztürk, O.  “Single clamp technique in elderly patients undergoing coronary artery surgery”  Anadolu Kardiyol  Derg 4:291-295 (2003)

A12. Yilmaz, M. “Total aortic arch replacement” Annals of Thoracic Surgery 79:1092 (2005)

A13. Ener, S., Yilmaz, M. “The effect of single low-dose methylprednisolone on the cardiopulmonary bypass-induced inflammatory response” European Journal of Cardio-thoracic Surgery 27: 729-730 (2005)

A14. Yilmaz, M., Gurbuz, O., Cengiz, M. “Multicentric cardiac myxoma treated with extended surgery” The Journal of International Medical Research 34: 331 – 334 (2006)

A15. Yilmaz, M., Şenkaya, I., Cengiz, M. “Direct Reimplantation  Technique via Right Minithoracotomy for   Scimitar Syndrome: A Case Report” The Heart Surgery Forum 9 (6):E843-E845 (2006)

A16. Yilmaz, M., Polat, B., Saba, D. “Single-stage repair of adult aortic coarctation and concomitant cardiovascular pathologies: a new alternative surgical approach”
Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery 1:18 (2006)

A17. Yilmaz, M., Şenkaya, I., Saba, D., Biçer, M. “Long-term outcomes of basilic vein transposition fistula for hemodialysis” VASA 36:26-32 (2007)

A18. Yilmaz, M., Şenkaya, I., Kaderli, A., Ener, S. “Complete Atrioventricular Block due to a Hydatid Cyst located in the Interventricular Septum” The Heart Surgery Forum. 10 (1):E9-E11 (2007)

A19.  Saba, D., Yilmaz, M., Yavuz, H., Noyan, S., Avci, B., Ercan, A.K., Ozkan, H., Cengiz, M. “Sutureless vascular anastomoses by  N-butyl-2 Cyanoacrylate adhesive: an experimental animal study” European Surgical Research. 39:239-244  (2007)

A20. Yilmaz, M., Tok, M., Cengiz, M. “Asymptomatic Balanced-Type Double Aortic Arch in an Elderly Patient: A Case Report” The Heart Surgery Forum. 10 (4):E297-E298 (2007)

A21. Yilmaz, M., Saba, D., Karal, I., Ercan, I.,  Kumtepe, G., Gurbuz, O., Şenkaya, I., Cengiz, M. “Postoperative Outcomes after Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in EuroSCORE Low- and High-Risk Women” The Heart Surgery Forum. 10 (6):E482-E486 (2007)

A22. Basagan-Mogol, E., Turker, G., Yilmaz, M., Goren, S. “Combination of a Psoas Compartment, Sciatic Nerve, and T12-L1 Paravertebral Blocks for Femoropopliteal Bypass Surgery in a High-Risk Patient”Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, 22 (2): 337-339 ( 2008)

A23. Yavascaoglu, I., Yilmaz, M., Kordan Y. “Cardiac and Caval Invasion of Left Adrenocortical Carcinoma: Report of a Case” Urologia Internationalis. 81(2): 244–246 (2008) 

B.PEER-REVIEWED INTERNATIONAL  ABSTRACTS AND PRESENTATIONS 

B1. Ozer, Z.G., Şenkaya, I., Yilmaz, M. “Iatrogenic vascular injuries during lumbar disc surgery” The Romanian Society of Angiology and Vascular Surgery Inaugural Meeting of the Balkan Society of Angiology Romania, 1992

 B2. Polat, B., Akpinar, B., Sonmez, B., Aytekin, V., Demiroglu, C., Yilmaz, M., Akar, H. “Revascularization of the circumflex artery using pedicled right internal mammary artery graft via the transverse sinus” First International Congress on Cardiovascular & Thoracic Surgery, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, 1996.

B3. Yilmaz, M., Ener, S., Akalın, H., Sagdıc, K., Serdar, A., Cengiz, M. “Low dose Methylprednisolone reduces serum cytokine elevation induced by extracorporeal circulation”

XVI th Annual San Diego Cardiothoracic Surgery Symposium San Diego, USA, 1996

B4. Polat, B., Yalcin, Y., Karaci, A., Yilmaz, M., Sorgun, F., Bayindir, O. “Arterial Switch operation ( Jatene precedure) for Transposition of  the Great Arteries: Experience at Florence Nightingale Hospital” VI. BALKAN Pediatric cardiology and Cardiac Surgery Congress

Antalya, Turkey, 1998

B5. Yalcin, Y., Polat, B., Karaci, A., Yilmaz,  M., Sorgun, F., Bayindir, O. “Partial Biventricular Repair: An alternative option to Total Cavopulmonary Anastomosis for Functionally Borderline Right Ventricules in Complex Congenital Heart Defects” VI. BALKAN Pediatric cardiology and Cardiac Surgery Congress Antalya, Turkey, 1998

B6. Duran, E., Us, M., Sungun, M., Inan, K., Tarhan, A., Yilmaz, M., Baltalarli, A., Sunar, H., Ege, T., Cebeci, B,S., Ozturk, O. “ Mitral valve operations by right minithoracotomy”  Mediterranean Association of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery 11th Annual Meeting, Montpellier, France, 1998

B7. Us, M.H., Yilmaz, M., Ozturk, O.Y. “Early and mid term results of the aortic annular enlargement with modified manouguian procedure” 52. International Congress of the European Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Istanbul, Turkey, 2003 

B8. Us, M.H., Sungun, M., Cagli, K., Yilmaz, M., Pakediz, A., Ozturk, O.Y. “The advantages of single clamp techniques in patients over 70 years old”  52. International Congress of the European Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Istanbul, Turkey, 2003

B9. Yilmaz, M., Saba, D., Karal, I., Ercan, I., Kumtepe, G., Gurbuz, O., Şenkaya, I., Cengiz, M. “Postoperative Outcomes after Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in EuroSCORE Low- and High-Risk Women” Third Annual Congress on Update in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery Antalya Turkey, 2007 The Heart Surgery Forum. 10, Supp 1 (2007)

B10.Yilmaz, M., Şenkaya, I., Tok, M., Saba, D., Cengiz, M. “Direct Reimplantation  Technique via Right Minithoracotomy for   Scimitar Syndrome: A Case Report” Third Annual Congress on Update in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery Antalya Turkey, 2007 The Heart Surgery Forum. 10, Supp 1 (2007)

B11. Yilmaz, M., Polat, B., Saba, D. “Single-stage repair of adult aortic coarctation and concomitant cardiovascular pathologies: a new alternative surgical approach”
Third Annual Congress on Update in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery Antalya Turkey, 2007 The Heart Surgery Forum. 10, Supp 1 (2007)

B12.Yilmaz, M., Şenkaya, I., Tok, M., Saba, D., Cengiz, M. “Complete Atrioventricular Block due to a Hydatid Cyst located in the Interventricular Septum” Third Annual Congress on Update in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery Antalya Turkey, 2007 The Heart Surgery Forum. 10, Supp 1 (2007)

B13. Yilmaz, M., Tok, M., Cengiz, M. “Asymptomatic Balanced-Type Double Aortic Arch in an Elderly Patient: A Case Report” Third Annual Congress on Update in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery Antalya Turkey, 2007 The Heart Surgery Forum. 10, Supp 1 (2007)

B14. Tok, M., Erdoğan, C., Yilmaz, M., Bicer, M.,Kumtepe, G., Ozkan, H., Cengiz, M. “ Endovascular approach for Kommerell Diverticule. Hybrid Teqhnique” Third Annual Congress on Update in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery Antalya Turkey, 2007 The Heart Surgery Forum. 10, Supp 1 (2007)

B15. Mogol, E.B., Turker , G., Yilmaz, M., Goren, S. “Combination of a Psoas Compartment, Sciatic Nerve, and T12-L1 Paravertebral Blocks for Femoropopliteal Bypass Surgery in a High-Risk Patient” 22nd Annual meeting European Association of  Cardiothoracic Anaesthesiologist Krakow, Poland, 2007 European Journal of Anesthesiology. 24, Supp 41 (2007) 

B16. Yaman R, Es MU, Karaci AR, Ozkara C, Yilmaz M.  “Jackson Pratt Drain Decreases the Risk of Pericardial Effusion and Atrial Fibrilattion in Patients With Scheduled Coronary Bypass Operations “7th Congress of Update in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery in association with TCT Mediterranean - March 2011  Antalya Turkey, 2011 The Heart Surgery Forum. 14, Supp 1 (2011)

B17. Yaman R, Uyanik, Eyuboglu N, Es MU, Alpsoy S , Yilmaz M. “Routine Preoperative Use Of Enoxaparin Does Not Increase Bleeding Nor Transfusion In Scheduled Coronary Bypass Surgery”  7th Congress of Update in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery in association with TCT Mediterranean - March 2011  Antalya Turkey, 2011 The Heart Surgery Forum. 14, Supp 1 (2011)

B18. Yaman R, Uyanik, Eyuboglu N, Es MU, Alpsoy S , Yilmaz M. “Bilateral Carotid Endarterectomy and Coronary Bypass: Staged Approach”  7th Congress of Update in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery in association with TCT Mediterranean - March 2011  Antalya Turkey, 2011 The Heart Surgery Forum. 14, Supp 1 (2011)

B19. Yaman R, Uyanik, Eyuboglu N, Es MU, Alpsoy S , Yilmaz M. “Thoracic Hernia Mimicking Acute Coronary Syndrome” 7th Congress of Update in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery in association with TCT Mediterranean - March 2011  Antalya Turkey, 2011 The Heart Surgery Forum. 14, Supp 1 (2011)

B20. Yaman R, Uyanik, Eyuboglu N, Es MU, Alpsoy S , Yilmaz M. “The Determination of Operative Strategy in Reconstructive Surgery of  Failed Fistulas by Usage of Multidetector Row Computed Tomography Venography” 7th Congress of Update in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery in association with TCT Mediterranean - March 2011  Antalya Turkey, 2011 The Heart Surgery Forum. 14, Supp 1 (2011)

B21. Yaman R, Uyanik, Eyuboglu N, Es MU, Alpsoy S , Yilmaz M. “The Use Of Linezolid in Mediastinitis Therapy” 7th Congress of Update in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery in association with TCT Mediterranean - March 2011  Antalya Turkey, 2011 The Heart Surgery Forum. 14, Supp 1 (2011)

• El Dr. Kazim Besirli se especializa en cirugía a corazón abierto, utilizando técnicas avanzadas.
• Las técnicas incluyen cirugía sin bomba, métodos mínimamente invasivos y asistencia robótica.
• La formación internacional incluye formación profesional en varios hospitales en el extranjero.
• Presidió el Departamento de Cirugía Cardiovascular de la Facultad de Medicina de Cerrahpaşa.
• Tiene una maestría en “Gestión de Instituciones de Salud”.
• Miembro activo de sociedades médicas profesionales, contribuyendo a los avances en cirugía cardiovascular.
• Dominio de varios idiomas, lo que facilita la comunicación con diversas poblaciones de pacientes.